20 Xuanzang s Record of the Western Regions 大唐西域记-菩提字幕屋
Xuanzang's Record of the Western Regions
大唐西域記卷第四
composed by the Buddhist pilgrim in 646 at the request of the Tang Emperor
三藏法師玄奘 奉詔述
translated by Samuel Beal (1884)
read by Angus Cargill
CHE-LAN-T'O-LO (JALANDHARA).
闍爛達邏國，
This kingdom is about 1000 li from east to west, and about 800 li from north to south.
東西千餘里，南北八百餘里。
The capital is 12 or 13 li in circuit.
國大都城周十二三里。
The land is favourable for the cultivation of cereals, and it produces much rice.
宜穀稼，多粳稻，
The forests are thick and umbrageous, fruits and flowers abundant.
林樹扶疎，華菓茂盛。
The climate is warm and moist, the people brave and impetuous, but their appearance is common and rustic.
氣序溫暑，風俗剛烈，容貌鄙陋，
The houses are rich and well supplied.
家室富饒。
There are fifty convents, or so; about 2000 priests.
伽藍五十餘所，僧徒二千餘人，
They have students both of the Great and Little Vehicle.
大小二乘，專門習學。
There are three temples of Devas and about 500 heretics, who all belong to the Pasupatas (cinder-sprinkled).
天祠三所，外道五百餘人，並塗灰之侶也。
A former king of this land showed great partiality for the heretics, but afterwards, having met with an Arhat and heard the law, he believed and understood it.
此國先王崇敬外道，其後遇羅漢，聞法信悟。
Therefore the king of Mid-India, out of regard for his sincere faith, appointed him sole inspector of the affairs of religion (the three gems) throughout the five Indies.
故中印度王體其淳信，五印度國三寶之事，一以總監。
Making light of party distinctions (this or that), with no preference or dislike, he examined into the conduct of the priests, and probed their behaviour with wonderful sagacity.
混彼此，忘愛惡，督察僧徒，妙窮淑慝。
The virtuous and the well-reported of, lie reverenced and openly rewarded; the disorderly lie punished.
故道德著聞者，竭誠敬仰；戒行虧犯者，深加責罰。
Whereever there were traces of the holy one (or, ones), he built either stupas or sangharamas, and there was no place within the limits of India he did not visit and inspect.
聖迹之所，並皆旌建，或窣堵波，或僧伽藍，印度境內，無不周遍。
Going north-east from this, skirting along some high mountain passes and traversing some deep valleys, following a dangerous road, and crossing many ravines, going 700 li or so, we come to the country of K'iu-lu-to (Kuluta).
從此東北，踰峻嶺越，洞谷，經危途，涉險路，行七百餘里，至屈(居勿反)露多國(北印度境)。
K'IU-LU-TO (KULUTA)
屈露多國，
This country is about 3000 li in circuit, and surrounded on every side by mountains.
周三千餘里，山周四境。
The chief town is about 14 or 15 li round.
國大都城周十四五里。
The land is rich and fertile, and the crops are duly sown and gathered.
土地沃壤，穀稼時播，
Flowers and fruits are abundant, and the plants and trees afford a rich vegetation.
華果茂盛，卉木滋榮。
Being contiguous to the Snowy Mountains, there are found here many medicinal (roots) of much value.
既隣雪山，遂多珍藥，
Gold, silver, and copper are found here fire-drops (crystal) and native copper (teou).
出金、銀、赤銅及火珠、雨石。
The climate is unusually cold, and hail or snow continually falls.
氣序逾寒，霜雪微降。
The people are coarse and common in appearance, and are much afflicted with goitre and tumours.
人貌麁弊，既癭且尰，
Their nature is hard and fierce; they greatly regard justice and bravery.
性剛猛，尚氣勇。
There are about twenty sangharamas, and 1000 priests or so.
伽藍二十餘所，僧徒千餘人，
They mostly study the Great Vehicle; a few practise (the rules of) other schools (nikayas).
多學大乘齐萍萍，少習諸部。
There are fifteen Deva temples: different sects occupy them without distinction.
天祠十五，異道雜居祁门天气预报 。
Along the precipitous sides of the mountains and hollowed into the rocks are stone chambers which face one another.
依巖據嶺，石室相距，
Here the Arhats dwell or the Rishis stop.
或羅漢所居，或仙人所止。
In the middle of the country is a stupa built by Asoka-rajia.
國中有窣堵波，無憂王之建也。
Of old the Tathagata came to this country with his followers to preach the law and to save men.
在昔如來曾至此國。說法度人，
This stupa memorial of the traces of his presence.
遺迹斯記。
Going north from this, along a road thick with dangers and precipices, about 1800 or 1900 li, along mountains and valleys, we come to the country of Lo-u-lo (Lahul).
從此北路千八九百里，道路危險，踰山越谷，至洛護羅國。
North of this 2000 li or so, travelling by a road dangerous and precipitous, where icy winds and flying snow (assault the traveller), we come to the country of Mo-lo-so (called also San-po-ho).
此北二千餘里，經途艱阻，寒風飛雪，至秣邏娑國(亦謂三波訶國)。
Leaving the country of K'iu-lu-to and going south 700 li or so, passing a great mountain and crossing a wide river, we come to the country of She-to-t'u-lo (Satadru).
自屈露多國南行七百餘里，越大山，濟大河，至設多圖盧國(北印度境)。
SHE-TO-T'U-LU (SATADRU).
設多圖盧國，
This country M is about 2000 li from east to west, and borders on a great river.
周二千餘里，西臨大河。
The capital is 17 or 18 li in circuit.
國大都城周十七八里。
Cereals grow in abundance, and there is very much fruit.
穀稼殷盛，果實繁茂，
There is an abundance of gold and silver found here, and precious stones.
多金、銀，出珠珍。
For clothing the people wear a very bright silk stuff; their garments are elegant and rich.
服用鮮素，裳衣綺靡。
The climate is warm and moist.
氣序暑熱，
The manners of the people are soft and agreeable; the men are docile and virtuous.
風俗淳和，人性善順，
The high and low take their proper place.
上下有序。
They all sincerely believe in the law of Buddha and show it great respect.
敦信佛法，誠心質敬。
Within and without the royal city there are ten sangharamas, but the halls are now deserted and cold, and there are but few priests.
王城內外，伽藍十所，庭宇荒涼，僧徒尠少。
To the south-east of the city 3 or 4 li is a stupa about 200 feet high, which was built by Asoka-raja.
城東南三四里，有窣堵波，高二百餘尺，無憂王之所建也。
Beside it are the traces where the four past Buddhas sat or walked.
傍有過去四佛坐及經行遺迹之所。
Going again from this south-west about 800 li, we come to the kingdom of Po-li-ye-to-lo (Paryatra).
復從此西南行八百餘里，至波理夜呾羅國(中印度境)。
PO-LI-YE-TO-LO (PARYATRA).
波理夜呾羅國，
This country is about 3000 li in circuit, and the capital about 14 or 15 li.
周三千餘里。國大都城周十四五里。
Grain is abundant and late wheat.
宜穀稼，豐宿麥，
There is a strange kind of rice grown here, which ripens after sixty There are many oxen and sheep, few flowers and fruits.
有異稻種六十日而收穫焉。多牛羊，少華菓。
The climate is warm and fiery, the manners of the people are resolute and fierce.
氣序暑熱，金元萱 風俗剛猛。
They do not esteem learning, and are given to honour the heretics.
不尚學藝，信奉外道。
The king is of the Vaisya caste; he is of a brave and impetuous nature, and very warlike.
王，吠奢種也，性勇烈，多武略。
There are eight sangharamas, mostly ruined, with a few priests, who study the Little Vehicle.
伽藍八所，傾毀已甚，僧徒寡少，習學小乘。
There are ten Deva temples with about 1000 followers of different sects.
天祠十餘所，異道千餘人。
Going east from this 500 li or so, we come to the country of Mo-t'u-lo (Mathura).
從此東行五百餘里，至秣菟羅國(中印度境)。
MO-T'U-LO (MATHURA).
秣菟羅國，
The kingdom of Mo-t'u-lo is about 5000 li in circuit.
周五千餘里。
The capital is 20 li round.
國大都城周二十餘里，
The soil is rich and fertile, and fit for producing grain (sowing and reaping).
土地膏腴，稼穡是務。
They give principal care to the cultivation of 'An-mo-lo (trees), which grow in clusters like forests.
菴沒羅菓家植成林，
These trees, though called by one name, are of two kinds; the small species, the fruit of which, when young, is green, and becomes yellow as it ripens;
雖同一名，而有兩種：小者生青熟黃，
and the great species, the fruit of which is green throughout its growth.
大者始終青色。
This country produces a fine species of cotton fabric and also yellow gold.
出細班?及黃金。
The climate is warm to a degree.
氣序暑熱，
The manners of the people are soft and complacent.
風俗善順，
They like to prepare secret stores of religious merit.
好修冥福，
They esteem virtue and honour learning.
崇德尚學。
There are about twenty sangharamas with 2000 priests or so.
伽藍二十餘所，僧徒二千餘人，
They study equally the Great and the Little Vehicles.
大小二乘，兼功習學。
There are five Deva temples, in which sectaries of all kinds live.
天祠五所，異道雜居。
There are three stupas built by Asoka-raja.
有三窣堵波，並無憂王所建也。
There are very many traces of the four past Buddhas here.
過去四佛遺迹甚多。
There are also stupas to commemorate the remains of the holy follow- ers of Sakya Tathagata, to wit, of Sariputra (She-li-tseu), of Mudgalaputra (Mo-te-kia-lo-tseu), of Purnamaitrayaniputra (Pu-la-na-mei-ta-li-yen-ni-fo-ta-lo), of Upali (Yeu-po-li), of Ananda ('0-nan-to), of Rahula (Lo-hu-lo), of Manjusri (Man-chu-sse-li), and stupas of other Bodhisattvas.
釋迦如來諸聖弟子遺身窣堵波，謂舍利子(舊曰舍利子，又曰舍利弗，訛略也)、沒特伽羅子(舊曰目乾連，訛也)、布剌拏梅呾麗衍尼弗呾羅、(唐言滿慈子。舊曰彌多羅尼子，訛略也)、鄔波釐、阿難陀、羅怙羅(舊曰羅睺，又曰羅云，皆訛略也)，曼殊室利(唐言妙吉祥。舊曰濡首，又曰文殊師利友商发票查询 ，或言曼殊尸利，譯曰妙德，訛也)諸菩薩窣堵波等。
Every year during the three months in which long fasts are observed, and during the six fast-days of each month, the priests resort to these various stupas and pay mutual compliments;
每歲三長及月六齋，僧徒相競，率其同好，
they make their religious offerings, and bring many rare and precious objects for presents.
齎持供具，多營奇玩，
According to their school they visit the sacred object (figure) of their veneration.
隨其所宗，而致像設。
Those who study the Abhidharma honour Sarinutra;
阿毘達磨眾供養舍利子；
those who practise meditation honour Mudgalaputra;
習定之徒供養沒特伽羅子；
those who recite the satras honour Purnamaitrayaniputra;
誦持經者供養滿慈子；
those who study the Vinaya reverence Upali.
學毘柰耶眾供養鄔波釐；
All the Bhikshunis honour Ananda,
諸苾芻尼供養阿難；
the Sramaneras honour Rahula;
未受具戒者供養羅怙羅；
those who study the Great Vehicle reverence the Bodhisattvas.
其學大乘者供養諸菩薩。
On these days they honour the stupas with offerings.
是日也，諸窣堵波競修供養琅琅比价网 ，
They spread out (display) their jewelled banners;
珠幡布列，
the rich (precious) coverings (parasols) are crowded together as network;
寶蓋駢羅，
the smoke of incense rises in clouds;
香煙若雲，
and flowers are scattered in every direction like rain;
華散如雨，
the sun and the moon are concealed by the clouds which hang over the moist valleys.
蔽虧日月，震蕩谿谷。
The king of the country and the great ministers apply them to these religious duties with zeal.
國王大臣公鸡进行曲，修善為務。
To the east of the city about 5 or 6 li we come to a mountain sangharama.
城東行五六里，至一山伽藍，
The hill-sides fire pierced (widened) to make cells (for the priests).
疎崖為室，
We enter it through a valley, as by gates.
因谷為門，
This was constructed by the honourable Upagupta.
尊者鄔波毱多(唐言近護)之所建也。
There is in it a stupa containing the nail-parings of the Tathagata.
其中則有如來指爪窣堵波。
To the north of the sangharama, in a cavern (or between two high banks), is a stone house about 20 feet high and 30 feet wide.
伽藍北巖間，有石室，高二十餘尺，廣三十餘尺，
It is filled with small wooden tokens (slips) four inches long.
四寸細籌填積其內。
Here the honourable Upagupta preached;
尊者近護說法化導，
when he converted a man and wife, so that they both arrived at (confronted) the fruit of Arhatship,
夫妻俱證羅漢果者，
he placed one slip (in this house).
乃下一籌，
He made no record of those who attained this condition if they belonged to different families or separate castes (tribes).
異室別族，雖證不記。
Twenty-four or five li to the south-east of the stone house there is a great dry marsh, by the side of which is a stupa.
石室東南二十四五里，至大涸池，傍有窣堵波。
In old days the Tathagata walked to and fro in this place.
在昔如來行經此處，
At this time a monkey holding (a pot of) honey offered it to Buddha.
時有彌猴，持蜜奉佛，
Buddha hereupon ordered him to mingle it with water, and to distribute it everywhere among the great assembly.
佛令水和，普遍大眾。
The monkey, filled with joy, fell into a deep hole and was killed.
獼猴喜躍，墮坑而死，
By the power of his religious merit he obtained birth as a man.
乘茲福力，得生人中。
To the north of the lake not very far, in the midst of a great wood南国英雄传 , are the traces of the four former Buddhas walking to and fro.
池北不遠，大林中有過去四佛經行遺迹。
By the side are stilpas erected to commemorate the spots where Sariputra, Mudgalaputia, and others, to the number of 1250 great Arhats, practised samadhi and left traces thereof.
其側有舍利子、沒特伽羅子等千二百五十大阿羅漢習定之處，並建窣堵波，以記遺迹。
The Tathagata, when in the world, often traversed this country preaching the law.
如來在世，屢遊此國，說法之所，
On the places where he stopped there are monuments (trees or posts) with titles on them.
並有封樹。
Going north-east 500 li or so, we come to the country of Sa-t'a-ni-shi-fa-lo (Sthanesvara).
從此東北行五百餘里，至薩他泥濕伐羅國(中印度境)。
SA-T'A-NI-SHI-FA-LO (STHANESVARA).
薩他泥濕伐羅國，
This kingdom is about 7000 li in circuit, the capital 20 li or so.
周七千餘里。國大都城周二十餘里。
The soil is rich and productive, and abounds with grain (cereals).
土地沃壤，稼穡滋盛。
The climate is genial, though hot.
氣序溫暑，
The manners of the people are cold and insincere.
風俗澆薄，
The families are rich and given to excessive luxury.
家室富饒，競為奢侈。
They are much addicted to the use of magical arts, and greatly honour those of distinguished ability in other ways.
深閑幻術，高尚異能。
Most of the people follow after worldly gain;
多逐利，
a few give themselves to agricultural pursuits.
少務農，
There is a large accumulation here of rare and valuable merchandise from every quarter.
諸方奇貨多聚其國。
There are three sangharamas in this country, with about 700 priests.
伽藍三所，僧徒七百餘人，
They all study (practise or use) the Little Vehicle.
並皆習學小乘法教。
There are some hundred Deva temples, and sectaries of various kinds in great number.
天祠百餘所，異道甚多。
On every side of the capital within a precinct of 200 li in circuit is an area called by the men of this place " the land of religious merit."
大城四周二百里內，彼土之人謂為福地。
This is what tradition states about it:
聞諸先志曰：
In old time there were two kings of the five Indies, between whom the government was divided.
昔五印度國二王分治，
They attacked one another's frontiers, and never ceased fighting.
境壤相侵，干戈不息。
At length the two kings came to the agreement that they should select on each side a certain number of soldiers to decide the question by combat, and so give the people rest.
兩主合謀，欲決兵戰，以定雌雄，以寧氓俗。
But the multitude rejected this plan, and would have none of it.
黎庶胥怨，莫從君命。
Then the king (of this country) reflected that the people are difficult to please (to deal with).
王以為眾庶者，難與慮始也，
A miraculous power (a spirit) may perhaps move them (to action);
神可動物，
some project (out-of-the-way plan) may perhaps settle (establish) them in some right course of action.
權可立功。
At this time there was a Brahman of great wisdom and high talent.
時有梵志，素知高才，
To him the king sent secretly a present of some rolls of silk, and requested him to retire within his after-hall (private apartment) and there compose a religious book which he might conceal in a mountain cavern.
密齎束帛，命入後庭，造作法書，藏諸巖穴。
After some time, when the trees had grown over (the mouth of the cavern), the king summoned his ministers before him as he sat on his royal throne, and said :
歲月既久，樹皆合拱。王於朝坐，告諸臣曰：
"Ashamed of my little virtue in the high estate I occupy, the ruler of heaven(or, of Devas) has been pleased to reveal to me in a dream, and to confer upon me a divine book which is now concealed in such-and-such a mountain fastness and in such-and-such a rocky corner."
「吾以不德，忝居大位，天帝垂照，夢賜靈書，今在某山，藏於某嶺。」
On this an edict was issued to search for this book, and it was found underneath the mountain bushes.
於是下令營求，得書山林之下。
The high ministers addressed their congratulations (to the king) and the people were overjoyed.
群官稱慶，眾庶悅豫，
The king then gave an account of the discovery to those far and near, and caused all to understand the matter;
宣示遠近，咸使聞知。
and this is the upshot of his message: "To birth and death there is no limit no end to the revolutions of life.
其大略曰：「夫生死無崖，流轉無極，
There is no rescue from the spiritual abyss (in -which we are immersed).
含靈淪溺，莫由自濟。
But now by a rare plan I am able to deliver men from this suffering.
我以奇謀，令離諸苦。
Around this royal city, for the space of 200 li in circuit, was the land of 'religious merit ' for men, apportioned by the kings of old.
今此王城周二百里，古先帝世福利之地。
Years having rolled away in pvat numbers, the traces have been forgotten or destroyed.
歲月極遠，銘記堙滅，
Men not regarding spiritual indications (religion) have been immersed in the sea of sorrow without power of escape.
生靈不悟，遂沈苦海灵龟之家。溺而不救，
What then is to be said?
夫何謂歟？
Let it be known (from lut ion given) that all those of you who shall attack the enemy's troops and die in battle, that they shall be born again as men;
汝諸含識，臨敵兵死，得生人中，
if they kill many, that, free from guilt, they shall receive heavenly joys.
多殺無辜，受天福樂，
Those obedient grandchildren and pious children who assist (attend) their aged parents in walking about this land shall reap happiness (merit) without bounds.
順孫孝子，扶侍親老，經遊此地，獲福無窮。
With little work, a great reward.
功少福多，
Who would lose such an opportunity,(since) when once dead, our bodies fall into the dark intricacies of the three evil ways?
如何失利？一喪人身，三途冥漠。
Therefore let every man stir himself to the utmost to prepare good works."
是故含生，各務修業！」
On this the men hastened to the conflict, and regarded death as deliverance.
於是人皆兵戰，視死如歸。
The king accordiing issued an edict and summoned his braves.
王遂下令，招募勇烈，
The two countries engaged in conflict, and the dead bodies were heaped together as sticks,
兩國合戰，積屍如莽。
and from that time till now the plains are everywhere covered with their bones.
迄于今時，遺骸遍野，
As this relates to a very remote period of time, the bones are very large ones.
時既古昔，人骸偉大。
The constant tradition of the country, therefore, lias called this "the field of religious merit " (or "happiness").
國俗相傳，謂之福地。
To the north-west of the city 4 or 5 li is a stupa about 300 feet high, which was built by Asoka-raja.
城西北四五里，有窣堵波，高二百餘尺，無憂王之所建也。
The bricks are all of a yellowish red colour, very bright and shining, within is a peck measure of the relics of Buddha.
甎皆黃赤色，甚光淨，中有如來舍利一斗，
From the stupa is frequently emitted a brilliant light, and many spiritual prodigies exhibit themselves.
光明時照，神迹多端。
Going south of the city about 100 li, we come to a convent called Ku-hwan-ch'a (Gokantha ?).
城南行百餘里，至俱昏(去聲)荼僧伽藍。
There are here a succession of towers with overlapping storeys, 63 with intervals between them for walking (pacing).
重閣連甍，層臺間峙。
The priests are virtuous and well-mannered, possessed of quiet dignity.
僧徒清肅，威儀閑雅。
Going from this north-east 400 li or so, we come to the country of Su-lo-kin-na (Srughna).
從此東北行四百餘里，至窣祿勤那國(中印度境)。
Xuanzang's Record of the Western Regions
大唐西域記卷第四
composed by the Buddhist pilgrim in 646 at the request of the Tang Emperor
三藏法師玄奘 奉詔述
translated by Samuel Beal (1884)
read by Angus Cargill
CHE-LAN-T'O-LO (JALANDHARA).
闍爛達邏國，
This kingdom is about 1000 li from east to west, and about 800 li from north to south.
東西千餘里，南北八百餘里。
The capital is 12 or 13 li in circuit.
國大都城周十二三里。
The land is favourable for the cultivation of cereals, and it produces much rice.
宜穀稼，多粳稻，
The forests are thick and umbrageous, fruits and flowers abundant.
林樹扶疎，華菓茂盛。
The climate is warm and moist, the people brave and impetuous, but their appearance is common and rustic.
氣序溫暑，風俗剛烈，容貌鄙陋，
The houses are rich and well supplied.
家室富饒。
There are fifty convents, or so; about 2000 priests.
伽藍五十餘所，僧徒二千餘人，
They have students both of the Great and Little Vehicle.
大小二乘，專門習學。
There are three temples of Devas and about 500 heretics, who all belong to the Pasupatas (cinder-sprinkled).
天祠三所，外道五百餘人，並塗灰之侶也。
A former king of this land showed great partiality for the heretics, but afterwards, having met with an Arhat and heard the law, he believed and understood it.
此國先王崇敬外道，其後遇羅漢，聞法信悟。
Therefore the king of Mid-India, out of regard for his sincere faith, appointed him sole inspector of the affairs of religion (the three gems) throughout the five Indies.
故中印度王體其淳信，五印度國三寶之事，一以總監。
Making light of party distinctions (this or that), with no preference or dislike, he examined into the conduct of the priests, and probed their behaviour with wonderful sagacity.
混彼此，忘愛惡，督察僧徒，妙窮淑慝。
The virtuous and the well-reported of, lie reverenced and openly rewarded; the disorderly lie punished.
故道德著聞者，竭誠敬仰；戒行虧犯者，深加責罰。
Whereever there were traces of the holy one (or, ones), he built either stupas or sangharamas, and there was no place within the limits of India he did not visit and inspect.
聖迹之所，並皆旌建，或窣堵波，或僧伽藍，印度境內，無不周遍。
Going north-east from this, skirting along some high mountain passes and traversing some deep valleys, following a dangerous road, and crossing many ravines, going 700 li or so, we come to the country of K'iu-lu-to (Kuluta).
從此東北，踰峻嶺越，洞谷，經危途，涉險路，行七百餘里，至屈(居勿反)露多國(北印度境)。
K'IU-LU-TO (KULUTA)
屈露多國，
This country is about 3000 li in circuit, and surrounded on every side by mountains.
周三千餘里，山周四境。
The chief town is about 14 or 15 li round.
國大都城周十四五里。
The land is rich and fertile, and the crops are duly sown and gathered.
土地沃壤，穀稼時播，
Flowers and fruits are abundant, and the plants and trees afford a rich vegetation.
華果茂盛，卉木滋榮。
Being contiguous to the Snowy Mountains, there are found here many medicinal (roots) of much value.
既隣雪山，遂多珍藥，
Gold, silver, and copper are found here fire-drops (crystal) and native copper (teou).
出金、銀、赤銅及火珠、雨石。
The climate is unusually cold, and hail or snow continually falls.
氣序逾寒，霜雪微降。
The people are coarse and common in appearance, and are much afflicted with goitre and tumours.
人貌麁弊，既癭且尰，
Their nature is hard and fierce; they greatly regard justice and bravery.
性剛猛，尚氣勇。
There are about twenty sangharamas, and 1000 priests or so.
伽藍二十餘所，僧徒千餘人，
They mostly study the Great Vehicle; a few practise (the rules of) other schools (nikayas).
多學大乘齐萍萍，少習諸部。
There are fifteen Deva temples: different sects occupy them without distinction.
天祠十五，異道雜居祁门天气预报 。
Along the precipitous sides of the mountains and hollowed into the rocks are stone chambers which face one another.
依巖據嶺，石室相距，
Here the Arhats dwell or the Rishis stop.
或羅漢所居，或仙人所止。
In the middle of the country is a stupa built by Asoka-rajia.
國中有窣堵波，無憂王之建也。
Of old the Tathagata came to this country with his followers to preach the law and to save men.
在昔如來曾至此國。說法度人，
This stupa memorial of the traces of his presence.
遺迹斯記。
Going north from this, along a road thick with dangers and precipices, about 1800 or 1900 li, along mountains and valleys, we come to the country of Lo-u-lo (Lahul).
從此北路千八九百里，道路危險，踰山越谷，至洛護羅國。
North of this 2000 li or so, travelling by a road dangerous and precipitous, where icy winds and flying snow (assault the traveller), we come to the country of Mo-lo-so (called also San-po-ho).
此北二千餘里，經途艱阻，寒風飛雪，至秣邏娑國(亦謂三波訶國)。
Leaving the country of K'iu-lu-to and going south 700 li or so, passing a great mountain and crossing a wide river, we come to the country of She-to-t'u-lo (Satadru).
自屈露多國南行七百餘里，越大山，濟大河，至設多圖盧國(北印度境)。
SHE-TO-T'U-LU (SATADRU).
設多圖盧國，
This country M is about 2000 li from east to west, and borders on a great river.
周二千餘里，西臨大河。
The capital is 17 or 18 li in circuit.
國大都城周十七八里。
Cereals grow in abundance, and there is very much fruit.
穀稼殷盛，果實繁茂，
There is an abundance of gold and silver found here, and precious stones.
多金、銀，出珠珍。
For clothing the people wear a very bright silk stuff; their garments are elegant and rich.
服用鮮素，裳衣綺靡。
The climate is warm and moist.
氣序暑熱，
The manners of the people are soft and agreeable; the men are docile and virtuous.
風俗淳和，人性善順，
The high and low take their proper place.
上下有序。
They all sincerely believe in the law of Buddha and show it great respect.
敦信佛法，誠心質敬。
Within and without the royal city there are ten sangharamas, but the halls are now deserted and cold, and there are but few priests.
王城內外，伽藍十所，庭宇荒涼，僧徒尠少。
To the south-east of the city 3 or 4 li is a stupa about 200 feet high, which was built by Asoka-raja.
城東南三四里，有窣堵波，高二百餘尺，無憂王之所建也。
Beside it are the traces where the four past Buddhas sat or walked.
傍有過去四佛坐及經行遺迹之所。
Going again from this south-west about 800 li, we come to the kingdom of Po-li-ye-to-lo (Paryatra).
復從此西南行八百餘里，至波理夜呾羅國(中印度境)。
PO-LI-YE-TO-LO (PARYATRA).
波理夜呾羅國，
This country is about 3000 li in circuit, and the capital about 14 or 15 li.
周三千餘里。國大都城周十四五里。
Grain is abundant and late wheat.
宜穀稼，豐宿麥，
There is a strange kind of rice grown here, which ripens after sixty There are many oxen and sheep, few flowers and fruits.
有異稻種六十日而收穫焉。多牛羊，少華菓。
The climate is warm and fiery, the manners of the people are resolute and fierce.
氣序暑熱，金元萱 風俗剛猛。
They do not esteem learning, and are given to honour the heretics.
不尚學藝，信奉外道。
The king is of the Vaisya caste; he is of a brave and impetuous nature, and very warlike.
王，吠奢種也，性勇烈，多武略。
There are eight sangharamas, mostly ruined, with a few priests, who study the Little Vehicle.
伽藍八所，傾毀已甚，僧徒寡少，習學小乘。
There are ten Deva temples with about 1000 followers of different sects.
天祠十餘所，異道千餘人。
Going east from this 500 li or so, we come to the country of Mo-t'u-lo (Mathura).
從此東行五百餘里，至秣菟羅國(中印度境)。
MO-T'U-LO (MATHURA).
秣菟羅國，
The kingdom of Mo-t'u-lo is about 5000 li in circuit.
周五千餘里。
The capital is 20 li round.
國大都城周二十餘里，
The soil is rich and fertile, and fit for producing grain (sowing and reaping).
土地膏腴，稼穡是務。
They give principal care to the cultivation of 'An-mo-lo (trees), which grow in clusters like forests.
菴沒羅菓家植成林，
These trees, though called by one name, are of two kinds; the small species, the fruit of which, when young, is green, and becomes yellow as it ripens;
雖同一名，而有兩種：小者生青熟黃，
and the great species, the fruit of which is green throughout its growth.
大者始終青色。
This country produces a fine species of cotton fabric and also yellow gold.
出細班?及黃金。
The climate is warm to a degree.
氣序暑熱，
The manners of the people are soft and complacent.
風俗善順，
They like to prepare secret stores of religious merit.
好修冥福，
They esteem virtue and honour learning.
崇德尚學。
There are about twenty sangharamas with 2000 priests or so.
伽藍二十餘所，僧徒二千餘人，
They study equally the Great and the Little Vehicles.
大小二乘，兼功習學。
There are five Deva temples, in which sectaries of all kinds live.
天祠五所，異道雜居。
There are three stupas built by Asoka-raja.
有三窣堵波，並無憂王所建也。
There are very many traces of the four past Buddhas here.
過去四佛遺迹甚多。
There are also stupas to commemorate the remains of the holy follow- ers of Sakya Tathagata, to wit, of Sariputra (She-li-tseu), of Mudgalaputra (Mo-te-kia-lo-tseu), of Purnamaitrayaniputra (Pu-la-na-mei-ta-li-yen-ni-fo-ta-lo), of Upali (Yeu-po-li), of Ananda ('0-nan-to), of Rahula (Lo-hu-lo), of Manjusri (Man-chu-sse-li), and stupas of other Bodhisattvas.
釋迦如來諸聖弟子遺身窣堵波，謂舍利子(舊曰舍利子，又曰舍利弗，訛略也)、沒特伽羅子(舊曰目乾連，訛也)、布剌拏梅呾麗衍尼弗呾羅、(唐言滿慈子。舊曰彌多羅尼子，訛略也)、鄔波釐、阿難陀、羅怙羅(舊曰羅睺，又曰羅云，皆訛略也)，曼殊室利(唐言妙吉祥。舊曰濡首，又曰文殊師利友商发票查询 ，或言曼殊尸利，譯曰妙德，訛也)諸菩薩窣堵波等。
Every year during the three months in which long fasts are observed, and during the six fast-days of each month, the priests resort to these various stupas and pay mutual compliments;
每歲三長及月六齋，僧徒相競，率其同好，
they make their religious offerings, and bring many rare and precious objects for presents.
齎持供具，多營奇玩，
According to their school they visit the sacred object (figure) of their veneration.
隨其所宗，而致像設。
Those who study the Abhidharma honour Sarinutra;
阿毘達磨眾供養舍利子；
those who practise meditation honour Mudgalaputra;
習定之徒供養沒特伽羅子；
those who recite the satras honour Purnamaitrayaniputra;
誦持經者供養滿慈子；
those who study the Vinaya reverence Upali.
學毘柰耶眾供養鄔波釐；
All the Bhikshunis honour Ananda,
諸苾芻尼供養阿難；
the Sramaneras honour Rahula;
未受具戒者供養羅怙羅；
those who study the Great Vehicle reverence the Bodhisattvas.
其學大乘者供養諸菩薩。
On these days they honour the stupas with offerings.
是日也，諸窣堵波競修供養琅琅比价网 ，
They spread out (display) their jewelled banners;
珠幡布列，
the rich (precious) coverings (parasols) are crowded together as network;
寶蓋駢羅，
the smoke of incense rises in clouds;
香煙若雲，
and flowers are scattered in every direction like rain;
華散如雨，
the sun and the moon are concealed by the clouds which hang over the moist valleys.
蔽虧日月，震蕩谿谷。
The king of the country and the great ministers apply them to these religious duties with zeal.
國王大臣公鸡进行曲，修善為務。
To the east of the city about 5 or 6 li we come to a mountain sangharama.
城東行五六里，至一山伽藍，
The hill-sides fire pierced (widened) to make cells (for the priests).
疎崖為室，
We enter it through a valley, as by gates.
因谷為門，
This was constructed by the honourable Upagupta.
尊者鄔波毱多(唐言近護)之所建也。
There is in it a stupa containing the nail-parings of the Tathagata.
其中則有如來指爪窣堵波。
To the north of the sangharama, in a cavern (or between two high banks), is a stone house about 20 feet high and 30 feet wide.
伽藍北巖間，有石室，高二十餘尺，廣三十餘尺，
It is filled with small wooden tokens (slips) four inches long.
四寸細籌填積其內。
Here the honourable Upagupta preached;
尊者近護說法化導，
when he converted a man and wife, so that they both arrived at (confronted) the fruit of Arhatship,
夫妻俱證羅漢果者，
he placed one slip (in this house).
乃下一籌，
He made no record of those who attained this condition if they belonged to different families or separate castes (tribes).
異室別族，雖證不記。
Twenty-four or five li to the south-east of the stone house there is a great dry marsh, by the side of which is a stupa.
石室東南二十四五里，至大涸池，傍有窣堵波。
In old days the Tathagata walked to and fro in this place.
在昔如來行經此處，
At this time a monkey holding (a pot of) honey offered it to Buddha.
時有彌猴，持蜜奉佛，
Buddha hereupon ordered him to mingle it with water, and to distribute it everywhere among the great assembly.
佛令水和，普遍大眾。
The monkey, filled with joy, fell into a deep hole and was killed.
獼猴喜躍，墮坑而死，
By the power of his religious merit he obtained birth as a man.
乘茲福力，得生人中。
To the north of the lake not very far, in the midst of a great wood南国英雄传 , are the traces of the four former Buddhas walking to and fro.
池北不遠，大林中有過去四佛經行遺迹。
By the side are stilpas erected to commemorate the spots where Sariputra, Mudgalaputia, and others, to the number of 1250 great Arhats, practised samadhi and left traces thereof.
其側有舍利子、沒特伽羅子等千二百五十大阿羅漢習定之處，並建窣堵波，以記遺迹。
The Tathagata, when in the world, often traversed this country preaching the law.
如來在世，屢遊此國，說法之所，
On the places where he stopped there are monuments (trees or posts) with titles on them.
並有封樹。
Going north-east 500 li or so, we come to the country of Sa-t'a-ni-shi-fa-lo (Sthanesvara).
從此東北行五百餘里，至薩他泥濕伐羅國(中印度境)。
SA-T'A-NI-SHI-FA-LO (STHANESVARA).
薩他泥濕伐羅國，
This kingdom is about 7000 li in circuit, the capital 20 li or so.
周七千餘里。國大都城周二十餘里。
The soil is rich and productive, and abounds with grain (cereals).
土地沃壤，稼穡滋盛。
The climate is genial, though hot.
氣序溫暑，
The manners of the people are cold and insincere.
風俗澆薄，
The families are rich and given to excessive luxury.
家室富饒，競為奢侈。
They are much addicted to the use of magical arts, and greatly honour those of distinguished ability in other ways.
深閑幻術，高尚異能。
Most of the people follow after worldly gain;
多逐利，
a few give themselves to agricultural pursuits.
少務農，
There is a large accumulation here of rare and valuable merchandise from every quarter.
諸方奇貨多聚其國。
There are three sangharamas in this country, with about 700 priests.
伽藍三所，僧徒七百餘人，
They all study (practise or use) the Little Vehicle.
並皆習學小乘法教。
There are some hundred Deva temples, and sectaries of various kinds in great number.
天祠百餘所，異道甚多。
On every side of the capital within a precinct of 200 li in circuit is an area called by the men of this place " the land of religious merit."
大城四周二百里內，彼土之人謂為福地。
This is what tradition states about it:
聞諸先志曰：
In old time there were two kings of the five Indies, between whom the government was divided.
昔五印度國二王分治，
They attacked one another's frontiers, and never ceased fighting.
境壤相侵，干戈不息。
At length the two kings came to the agreement that they should select on each side a certain number of soldiers to decide the question by combat, and so give the people rest.
兩主合謀，欲決兵戰，以定雌雄，以寧氓俗。
But the multitude rejected this plan, and would have none of it.
黎庶胥怨，莫從君命。
Then the king (of this country) reflected that the people are difficult to please (to deal with).
王以為眾庶者，難與慮始也，
A miraculous power (a spirit) may perhaps move them (to action);
神可動物，
some project (out-of-the-way plan) may perhaps settle (establish) them in some right course of action.
權可立功。
At this time there was a Brahman of great wisdom and high talent.
時有梵志，素知高才，
To him the king sent secretly a present of some rolls of silk, and requested him to retire within his after-hall (private apartment) and there compose a religious book which he might conceal in a mountain cavern.
密齎束帛，命入後庭，造作法書，藏諸巖穴。
After some time, when the trees had grown over (the mouth of the cavern), the king summoned his ministers before him as he sat on his royal throne, and said :
歲月既久，樹皆合拱。王於朝坐，告諸臣曰：
"Ashamed of my little virtue in the high estate I occupy, the ruler of heaven(or, of Devas) has been pleased to reveal to me in a dream, and to confer upon me a divine book which is now concealed in such-and-such a mountain fastness and in such-and-such a rocky corner."
「吾以不德，忝居大位，天帝垂照，夢賜靈書，今在某山，藏於某嶺。」
On this an edict was issued to search for this book, and it was found underneath the mountain bushes.
於是下令營求，得書山林之下。
The high ministers addressed their congratulations (to the king) and the people were overjoyed.
群官稱慶，眾庶悅豫，
The king then gave an account of the discovery to those far and near, and caused all to understand the matter;
宣示遠近，咸使聞知。
and this is the upshot of his message: "To birth and death there is no limit no end to the revolutions of life.
其大略曰：「夫生死無崖，流轉無極，
There is no rescue from the spiritual abyss (in -which we are immersed).
含靈淪溺，莫由自濟。
But now by a rare plan I am able to deliver men from this suffering.
我以奇謀，令離諸苦。
Around this royal city, for the space of 200 li in circuit, was the land of 'religious merit ' for men, apportioned by the kings of old.
今此王城周二百里，古先帝世福利之地。
Years having rolled away in pvat numbers, the traces have been forgotten or destroyed.
歲月極遠，銘記堙滅，
Men not regarding spiritual indications (religion) have been immersed in the sea of sorrow without power of escape.
生靈不悟，遂沈苦海灵龟之家。溺而不救，
What then is to be said?
夫何謂歟？
Let it be known (from lut ion given) that all those of you who shall attack the enemy's troops and die in battle, that they shall be born again as men;
汝諸含識，臨敵兵死，得生人中，
if they kill many, that, free from guilt, they shall receive heavenly joys.
多殺無辜，受天福樂，
Those obedient grandchildren and pious children who assist (attend) their aged parents in walking about this land shall reap happiness (merit) without bounds.
順孫孝子，扶侍親老，經遊此地，獲福無窮。
With little work, a great reward.
功少福多，
Who would lose such an opportunity,(since) when once dead, our bodies fall into the dark intricacies of the three evil ways?
如何失利？一喪人身，三途冥漠。
Therefore let every man stir himself to the utmost to prepare good works."
是故含生，各務修業！」
On this the men hastened to the conflict, and regarded death as deliverance.
於是人皆兵戰，視死如歸。
The king accordiing issued an edict and summoned his braves.
王遂下令，招募勇烈，
The two countries engaged in conflict, and the dead bodies were heaped together as sticks,
兩國合戰，積屍如莽。
and from that time till now the plains are everywhere covered with their bones.
迄于今時，遺骸遍野，
As this relates to a very remote period of time, the bones are very large ones.
時既古昔，人骸偉大。
The constant tradition of the country, therefore, lias called this "the field of religious merit " (or "happiness").
國俗相傳，謂之福地。
To the north-west of the city 4 or 5 li is a stupa about 300 feet high, which was built by Asoka-raja.
城西北四五里，有窣堵波，高二百餘尺，無憂王之所建也。
The bricks are all of a yellowish red colour, very bright and shining, within is a peck measure of the relics of Buddha.
甎皆黃赤色，甚光淨，中有如來舍利一斗，
From the stupa is frequently emitted a brilliant light, and many spiritual prodigies exhibit themselves.
光明時照，神迹多端。
Going south of the city about 100 li, we come to a convent called Ku-hwan-ch'a (Gokantha ?).
城南行百餘里，至俱昏(去聲)荼僧伽藍。
There are here a succession of towers with overlapping storeys, 63 with intervals between them for walking (pacing).
重閣連甍，層臺間峙。
The priests are virtuous and well-mannered, possessed of quiet dignity.
僧徒清肅，威儀閑雅。
Going from this north-east 400 li or so, we come to the country of Su-lo-kin-na (Srughna).
從此東北行四百餘里，至窣祿勤那國(中印度境)。